What should a resident know about consent for experimental or additional therapies?

• A. Be informed about risks, benefits, alternatives; voluntary participation; consent required unless an exception exists
• B. Consent is always optional
• C. Consent is required from staff
• D. Consent is only needed for standard therapies

Answer: (A)

The idea being tested is informed, voluntary decision-making for nonstandard or experimental therapies. A resident should understand that entering any experimental or added treatment requires being fully informed about what the therapy involves: the likely risks and benefits, and alternatives, including the option of not doing the therapy. They should know how the therapy might affect them, what uncertainties exist, and what other choices are available. Importantly, participation must be voluntary, and they have the right to ask questions and withdraw at any time. Consent is required before starting such therapy unless an exception applies—typically in emergencies where immediate treatment is necessary and there isn’t time to obtain consent, or when the patient cannot make decisions and a legally authorized surrogate is involved in a decision aligned with the patient’s wishes or best interests. This emphasizes that consent is about the patient’s autonomy and understanding, not about pressure or routine procedures.